What Is The Skin On Ribs Called?

Bone construction that protects the vital organs and major blood vessels

"Ribs" redirects here. For the individual bones, run across Rib. For ribs of animals every bit food, see Ribs (food). For other uses, see Rib (disambiguation).

Rib cage
The human rib cage. (Source: Greyness's Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th ed. 1918.)
Protection on the rib cage of the heart, lungs and diaphragm. The shaded areas indicate the extent of the pleural cavities not filled by the lungs.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	cavea thoracis
MeSH	D000070602
TA98	A02.3.04.001
TA2	1096
FMA	7480
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The rib cage, every bit an enclosure that comprises the ribs, vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of near vertebrates, protects vital organs such equally the heart, lungs and great vessels.

In humans, the rib cage and the sternum, together known as the thoracic cage, is a semi-rigid bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdle to form the cadre function of the human skeleton. A typical human thoracic muzzle consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the adjoining costal cartilages, the sternum (along with the manubrium and xiphoid process), and the 12 thoracic vertebrae articulating with the ribs. Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, the thoracic cage makes upwards the thoracic wall and provides attachments for extrinsic skeletal muscles of the neck, upper limbs, upper belly and back.

The rib cage intrinsically holds the muscles of respiration (diaphragm, intercostal muscles, etc.) that are crucial for agile inhalation and forced exhalation, and therefore has a major ventilatory function in the respiratory organization.

Structure [edit]

Ribs are described based on their location and connexion with the sternum. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate straight with the sternum are chosen true ribs, whereas those that practice non articulate straight are termed false ribs. The false ribs include the floating ribs (11 and twelve) that are not attached to the sternum at all.

Human rib cage -CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (correct))

Attachment [edit]

 true / fixed ribs

 false ribs

 simulated and floating ribs

The terms true ribs and imitation ribs describe rib pairs that are directly or indirectly attached to the sternum. The first seven rib pairs known as the fixed or vertebrosternal ribs are the truthful ribs (Latin: costae verae) as they connect directly to the sternum; the adjacent five pairs (eighth to twelfth) are the false ribs (Latin: costae spuriae). The faux ribs include both vertebrochondral ribs and vertebral ribs. In that location are three pairs of vertebrochondral ribs (8th to tenth) that connect indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them.^{[one] [2]} Their elasticity allows rib muzzle movement for respiratory activity.

The phrase floating rib or vertebral rib (Latin: costae fluctuantes) refers to the ii lowermost, the eleventh and twelfth rib pairs; so-called because they are attached just to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small-scale and fragile, and include a cartilaginous tip.^[three]

The spaces betwixt the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they comprise the intercostal muscles, and neurovascular bundles containing nerves, arteries, and veins.^[4]

Parts of rib [edit]

Each rib consists of a head, neck, and a shaft. All ribs are fastened posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. They are numbered to match the vertebrae they adhere to – one to twelve, from top (T1) to bottom. The caput of the rib is the end part closest to the vertebra with which information technology articulates. Information technology is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into ii articulating regions. The upper region articulates with the inferior costal facet on the vertebra above, and the larger region articulates with the superior costal facet on the vertebra with the same number. The transverse process of a thoracic vertebra too articulates at the transverse costal facet with the tubercle of the rib of the same number. The crest gives attachment to the intra-articular ligament.^[5]

The cervix of the rib is the flattened part that extends laterally from the head. The cervix is almost 3 cm long. Its anterior surface is flat and smoothen, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface crude, to give attachment to the ligament of the cervix. Its upper border presents a rough crest (crista colli costae) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its lower border is rounded.

On the posterior surface at the neck, is an eminence—the tubercle that consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion is the lower and more than medial of the 2 and presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the transverse costal facet on the end of the transverse process of the lower of the 2 vertebrae to which the head is connected. The not-articular portion is a rough summit and affords zipper to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.

The angle of a rib (costal angle) may both refer to the bending role of it, and a prominent line in this area, a little in front of the tubercle. This line is directed downwards and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the iliocostalis muscle. At this point, the rib is bent in two directions, and at the same time twisted on its long axis.

The distance between the angle and the tubercle is progressively greater from the 2d to the tenth ribs. The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded, rough, and irregular, and serves for the attachment of the longissimus dorsi muscle.

Basic [edit]

Ribs and vertebrae [edit]

The first rib (the topmost one) is the almost curved and commonly the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upwardly and downward, and its borders inward and outward.

• 

  First rib seen from in a higher place

• 

  Costal groove position on a central rib

The head is modest and rounded, and possesses just a unmarried articular facet, for articulation with the body of the outset thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. It bears a small facet for joint with the transverse costal facet on the transverse process of T1. There is no angle, but at the tubercle, the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the caput of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the anterior scalene; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Backside the posterior groove is a crude area for the attachment of the medial scalene. The under surface is smooth and without a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives zipper to the commencement digitation of the serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, sparse, and sharp, and marked almost its centre by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs.

The second rib is the second uppermost rib in humans or second most frontal in animals that walk on four limbs. In humans, the second rib is defined as a truthful rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the costal cartilage anteriorly (at the front). Posteriorly, the second rib is connected with the vertebral cavalcade by the second thoracic vertebra. The second rib is much longer than the first rib, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally but feebly marked. The angle is slight and situated shut to the tubercle. The body is not twisted and then that both ends bear on any airplane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the kickoff rib. The torso is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the commencement and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; behind and to a higher place this is attached the posterior scalene. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downwardly and a piddling in: on its posterior role there is a curt costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the junior edge. Information technology protects the intercostal space containing the intercostal veins, intercostal arteries, and intercostal nerves.^{[6] [4]}

The ninth rib has a frontal part at the same level as the get-go lumbar vertebra. This level is called the transpyloric plane, since the pylorus is besides at this level.^[7]

The 10th rib attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs. Due to this directly attachment, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body.^[iii]

The iv floating ribs indicated

The eleventh and 12th ribs, the floating ribs, have a unmarried articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. They have no necks or tubercles, and are pointed at their inductive ends. The eleventh has a slight bending and a shallow costal groove, whereas the 12th does non. The twelfth rib is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and only has a one articular facet.^[8]

Sternum [edit]

The sternum is a long, flat bone that forms the front of the rib cage. The cartilages of the meridian seven ribs (the true ribs) join with the sternum at the sternocostal joints. The costal cartilage of the 2nd rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle making information technology easy to locate.^[nine]

The transversus thoracis muscle is innervated by one of the intercostal fretfulness and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum. Its junior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages 2 through six and works to depress the ribs.^[10]

Evolution [edit]

Expansion of the rib cage in males is caused by the effects of testosterone during puberty.^[11] Thus, males mostly have broad shoulders and expanded chests, allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen.

Variation [edit]

Variations in the number of ribs occur. Almost 1 in 200–500 people have an additional cervical rib, and there is a female person predominance.^[12] Intrathoracic supernumerary ribs are extremely rare.^[thirteen] The rib remnant of the 7th cervical vertebra on one or both sides is occasionally replaced by a free extra rib called a cervical rib, which can mechanically interfere with the nerves (brachial plexus) going to the arm.

In several ethnic groups, most significantly the Japanese, the tenth rib is sometimes a floating rib, as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib.^[3]

Function [edit]

The outcome of the contraction of the accessory muscles of inhalation, pulling the front of the rib cage upwards, a motion known as the 'pump handle movement'. This increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax, contributing to the expansion in the book of the chest. A like consequence, known as the 'bucket handle movement' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increment, because not but do the ribs slant downward from the back to the front, simply, in the case of the lower ribs, likewise from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest.

The human rib muzzle is a component of the human respiratory system. Information technology encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is achieved when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic crenel, contracts and flattens, while the contraction of intercostal muscles elevator the rib muzzle upwardly and out.

Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in 3 planes; the vertical, the anteroposterior and the transverse. The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the intestinal muscles relaxing to adapt the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera past the diaphragm contracting. A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving downwardly, rather than simply the domes flattening. The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded past a movement known as the 'pump handle'. The downwards sloping nature of the upper ribs are every bit such because they enable this to occur. When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs, the upper ribs are able besides to push the sternum upwardly and out. This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, and hence aids breathing further. The third, transverse, airplane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs (some say it is the seventh to 10th ribs in detail), with the diaphragm'due south central tendon acting equally a fixed point. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs are able to evert (meaning turn outwards or inside out) and produce what is known as the bucket handle motion, facilitated by gliding at the costovertebral joints. In this way, the transverse bore is expanded and the lungs tin can make full.

The circumference of the normal adult homo rib muzzle expands by 3 to 5 cm during inhalation.^[14]

Clinical significance [edit]

Rib fractures are the most mutual injury to the rib cage. These nearly frequently affect the centre ribs. When several adjacent ribs incur ii or more fractures each, this can result in a flail chest which is a life-threatening condition.

A confused rib tin can be painful and tin can be caused simply by coughing, or for example past trauma or lifting heavy weights.^[15]

One or more costal cartilages can go inflamed – a condition known every bit costochondritis; the resulting hurting is like to that of a heart set on.

Abnormalities of the rib cage include pectus excavatum ("sunken breast") and pectus carinatum ("dove breast"). A bifid rib is a bifurcated rib, separate towards the sternal terminate, and unremarkably just affecting i of the ribs of a pair. It is a congenital defect affecting virtually i.two% of the population. It is frequently without symptoms though respiratory difficulties and other issues can arise.

Rib removal is the surgical removal of one or more than ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons.

Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib.

Club and culture [edit]

The position of ribs tin exist permanently altered by a course of trunk modification called tightlacing, which uses a corset to compress and move the ribs.

The ribs, particularly their sternal ends, are used as a way of estimating age in forensic pathology due to their progressive ossification.^[16]

History [edit]

The number of ribs as 24 (12 pairs) was noted past the Flemish anatomist Vesalius in his key work of anatomy De humani corporis fabrica in 1543, setting off a wave of controversy, as information technology was traditionally assumed from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve that men's ribs would number one fewer than women's.^[17] This false conventionalities is notwithstanding commonly believed today.^{[18] [19]}

Other animals [edit]

Tyrannosaurus rib cage, University of California Museum of Paleontology

In herpetology, costal grooves refer to lateral indents forth the integument of salamanders. The grooves run betwixt the axilla to the groin. Each groove overlies the myotomal septa to mark the position of the internal rib.^{[20] [21]}

Birds and reptiles accept bony uncinate processes on their ribs that projection caudally from the vertical department of each rib.^[22] These serve to attach sacral muscles and also aid in assuasive greater inspiration. Crocodiles have cartilaginous uncinate processes.

Boosted images [edit]

• 

  Thoracic cage with spine

• 

  Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages

• 

  10-ray epitome of a man chest, with ribs labelled

• 

  3D model of rib cage

• 

  Surface projections of the trunk, including each rib, and the costal margin

• 

  Thoracic cage with both humerii

See besides [edit]

• Joint of head of rib
• Rachitic rosary
• Terms for anatomical location
• Terms for basic

Notes [edit]

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

1. ^ "The Thoracic Muzzle · Anatomy and Physiology". Retrieved 10 March 2018.
2. ^ Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). Hyman'southward Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 230. ISBN9780226870137 . Retrieved ten March 2018.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Saladin, Kenneth (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Class and Part. Us: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 485. ISBN978-0-07-352569-3.
4. ^ ^{a b} Smith, Sarah. "Intercostal spaces | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org.
5. ^ http://www.teachmeanatomy.com/osteology-of-the-thorax/ ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
6. ^ Moore, Dalley & Agur. 2009. Clinically Oriented Beefcake, 6th Edition. 90 Pp. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0-7817-7525-6, ISBN 978-0-7817-7525-0
7. ^ Bålens ytanatomi (surface anatomy). Godfried Roomans, Mats Hjortberg and Anca Dragomir. Institution for Beefcake, Uppsala. 2008.
8. ^ Jung, Jaewoong; Lee, Misoon; Choi, Dasom (2020-09-04). "Twelfth rib syndrome: a case report". The Journal of International Medical Research. 48 (9): 0300060520952651. doi:10.1177/0300060520952651. ISSN 0300-0605. PMC7479855. PMID 32883133.
9. ^ Agur, Anne G.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. 2 (2009). Grant's Atlas of Beefcake, Twelfth Edition . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. 10. ISBN978-0-7817-7055-two.
10. ^ Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009). Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. 21. ISBN978-0-7817-7055-2.
11. ^ Testosterone causes expansion of rib cage during puberty as one of secondary sex characteristics."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-xi. Retrieved 2013-12-31 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
12. ^ Kurihara Y; Yakushiji YK; Matsumoto J; Ishikawa T; Hirata G (Jan–Feb 1999). "The Ribs: Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations" (PDF). RadioGraphics. Radiological Club of N America. 19 (one): 105–119. doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.1.g99ja02105. ISSN 1527-1323. PMID 9925395. Retrieved August thirteen, 2009.
13. ^ Kamano H; Ishihama T; Ishihama H; Kubota Y; Tanaka T; Satoh K (June 1, 2006). "Bifid intrathoracic rib: a case written report and classification of intrathoracic ribs". Internal Medicine. The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. 45 (9): 627–630. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1502. PMID 16755094.
14. ^ Respiratory system examination Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine citing: Health & Physical Assessment, Mosby-Yr Volume, inc. School of Nursing, Peking University, 2003
15. ^ "Beefcake of the Human ribs - Dislocated Rib". Confused Rib. 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016.
16. ^ Franklin, D (Jan 2010). "Forensic age interpretation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and time to come directions". Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 12 (one): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.09.001. PMID 19853490.
17. ^ "Affiliate 19 On the Bones of the Thorax". Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-08-23 .
18. ^ Whelan, Corey (2019-09-23). "Exercise Men and Women Have the Same Number of Ribs?". Healthline . Retrieved 2022-06-05 . There'due south a commonly held falsehood that men have ane less rib than women. This myth may have its roots in the Bible and the creation story most Eve being fabricated from ane of Adam'south ribs.
19. ^ Dresden, Danielle (2020-03-12). "How many ribs do humans have? Men, women, and anatomy". Medical News Today . Retrieved 2022-06-05 . Although many people might remember that males have fewer ribs than females — most probable sparked by the biblical story of Adam and Eve — there is no factual evidence.
20. ^ Duellman, W.E., Trueb, Fifty. (1986). Biological science of Amphibians. 670 Pp. McGraw - Hill Volume Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-8018-4780-Ten, 9780801847806
21. ^ J. W. Petranka. 1998. Salamanders of the United states of america and Canada. 587 Pp. Smithsonian Institution Press, ISBN 1-56098-828-2, ISBN 978-1-56098-828-ane
22. ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Colina. pp. 55, 57. ISBN0-697-21991-7.

References [edit]

• Orientation of the intercostal musculus fibers in the human being rib cage, Subit D., Glacet A., Hamzah M., Crandall J., Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Applied science, 2015, 18, pp. 2064–2065
• Clinically Oriented Beefcake, 4th ed. Keith 50. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62–64
• Principles of Anatomy Physiology, Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. 11th ED. John Wiley and Sons, 2006. ISBN 0-471-68934-3
• De Humani Corporis Fabrica: online English translation of Vesalius' books on human being anatomy.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rib cage.

• Diagram at mhhe.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_cage

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